Master of Science in Criminal Justice
& Criminology

Description of Program
Degree Requirements
Transferring Courses
Admission Requirements
Application Procedures
Financial Assistance
CJC Graduate Courses
Forms
Comprehensive Exams
Cognate Areas of Study

Description of Program

The University of Missouri-Kansas City offers the Master of Science degree in Criminal Justice and Criminology (MS-CJC).  The MS-CJC degree may serve as a terminal degree for those seeking appropriate study and academic credentials to qualify for management and administrative positions in justice-related agencies.  The degree may also serve as preparation for advanced study in criminology and criminal justice at the doctoral level.

The MS-CJC program involves 30 semester hours of study in course work emphasizing understanding and analysis of issues in criminal justice and criminology.  Depending upon personal academic or career goals, students may concentrate studies in the treatment and research area, or the area of justice agency development and management.  Career opportunities for those with the MS-CJC degree include service in traditional justice agencies such as law enforcement and corrections.  Additionally, opportunities may include management, program planning, research, investigation, and evaluation work for state and federal regulatory agencies, legislative, public and private advisory agencies.  Some teaching opportunities may be open to those with the MS-CJC, however, permanent positions in institutions of higher education often require a doctoral degree.

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Degree Requirements

The MS-CJC degree requires successful completion of 30 credit hours of graduate work.  Within this 30 hours, students may elect to complete a thesis or pursue the non-thesis option.  A core of six courses is required of all students.  These required courses include:

• CJC501 Proseminar to the Criminal Justice System  (3 hours)
• CJC580 Policy and Decision Making in Criminal Justice (3 hours)
• CJC/SOC516 Intermediate Quantitative Methods (Statistics)  (3 hours)
• CJC518 Advanced Theoretical Criminology (3 hours)
• Graduate level course in Research Methods (3 hours)  [Fulfilled by CJC/SOC510 Research Methods I OR CJC/SOC511 Research Methods II)

One of the following:

• CJC551 Seminar in Policing (3 hours)
• CJC570 Contemporary Corrections and Correctional Policy (3 hours)
• CJC575 Correctional Rehabilitation and Treatment (3 hours)

The required graduate courses in statistics, research methods and theory demand completion of prerequisite courses in these areas from the student’s undergraduate work.  Those who have not had such courses may need to take them as deficiencies which would not be part of their 30-hour program of study. 

Beyond the required courses, students must complete an additional 12 hours of academic work.  This work may include thesis hours, courses in independent directed studies, classes from the CJC curriculum, or courses from other disciplines.  The content of those 12 hours of study will reflect the student’s choice with respect to thesis or non-thesis options.

Those electing to write a thesis as part of their graduate work can receive up to six hours credit (CJC599) for preparation of the thesis.  In addition to writing the thesis students must successfully complete an oral defense of that thesis before their supervisory committee.  The research topic of the thesis will address some issue of specific interest to the student.  Through courses, literature review, and analyses conducted in developing the thesis, students are expected to become proficient in their specific thesis topic area.

Those electing the non-thesis option will take coursework and directed studies related to a cognate area. Their 12 hours of study beyond the required courses will address the area of specialization, or cognate area, selected by the student.  There are five possible cognate areas from which to choose; i.e., (1) policing, (2) legal aspects of the criminal justice process, (3) corrections, (4) women and crime, and (5) juvenile justice, delinquency and gangs (See Cognate Areas of Study (MS-CJC) section of website).  In their final semester, these students must successfully complete written comprehensive exams covering topic areas from the required courses as well as their cognate area of study (See Comprehensive Exams (MS-CJC) section of website).

Students must complete at least three hours of graduate work each semester (fall and winter) in order to maintain their standing in the program.  At minimum, a 3.0 grade-point average must be attained in all work offered for graduate credit.  Students should consult the General Graduate Academic Regulations and Information section of the UMKC catalog for regulations that apply to all graduate students.

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Transferring Courses

Up to six of your total 30 hours for the MS-CJC program may be transferred from another academic institution. To be eligible the courses for transfer must come from an accredited school, have been taken for graduate credit, be acceptable to your program at UMKC, and completed at a reasonable performance level. Transfer credit cannot be accepted for research and thesis hours, travel experience, and work or life experience.

 University of Missouri (UM) Traveling Scholar credits are not considered transfer credits.  However, the sum total of credits from other UM campuses, and transfer credits from other institutions, cannot exceed 14 hours within a 30-hour total program of study.

Credits over seven years old by the time of graduation may not be counted toward fulfillment of the degree program unless validated to the satisfaction of the department and School of Graduate Studies.

Final approval for all courses constituting a student’s program of study for the MS-CJC degree is made by the student’s supervisory committee.

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Admission Requirements

The minimum admission requirements for entrance into the MS-CJC program include the following:

• Completed an undergraduate degree, from an accredited university or college, with a program major in the socio-behavioral sciences (criminal justice, sociology, psychology, political science, economics)
• Achieved, at minimum, a 2.75 grade point average in all undergraduate work, and a 3.00 grade point average for courses within the major program of study
• Completed undergraduate introductory courses in statistics and research methods, and a course examining theories of crime

The application process is competitive.  Satisfaction of the minimum criteria does not guarantee admission to the graduate program of study.  Students are admitted according to their rank in the applicant pool, and consideration of the adequacy of department resources.

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Application Procedures

Applicants to the MS-CJC program must submit the following materials for review:

1) A completed UMKC Application form requesting admission to graduate study in the Master of Science in Criminal Justice and Criminology program, along with any application fee requested. This material should be sent directly to the Admissions Office, UMKC, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO, 64110.
2) Official transcripts from the school where the bachelor's degree was obtained, and other schools where course work has been taken or degrees have been obtained after completion of the bachelor's degree. Transcripts should also be sent directly to the UMKC Admissions Office.
3) Submit a writing sample to the department Admissions Committee. This writing sample should take the form of a two to three page letter requesting admission to the program. Within the letter applicants should identify how their undergraduate education, and perhaps their work or personal experience, has prepared them for graduate study in the area of criminal justice and criminology. Also, the letter should address how the applicant views study in our graduate program as fitting with his or her future career and/or educational goals. This letter should be sent directly to the MS-CJC Principal Graduate Advisor, Department of Sociology Criminal Justice and Criminology, 208 Haag Hall, UMKC, 5120 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110.

Decisions regarding admission to the program are made by a committee of graduate faculty in the program. Applications are reviewed with attention to past academic performance and substantive areas of study that would prepare students for graduate study in Criminal Justice and Criminology.

Applicants for the winter term (January-May) must have all materials to the Admissions Committee by November 1. For those applying for summer (May-August) or fall terms (August-December), and who also submit an application for a Graduate Teaching Assistant (GTA) position, all application materials must be in by March 1. If not submitting an application for a GTA position, materials must be in by April 1. It is strongly recommended that the application process be initiated at least five months prior to the anticipated date of initial enrollment to ensure all materials will be on hand in time for review.

An admissions application form can be obtained upon request by contacting the department or the Admissions Office, UMKC, 5100 Rockhill Rd., Kansas City, MO  64110, (816) 235-1111 or toll free (800) 775-UMKC. On-line applications can be found at http://www.umkc.edu/admissions/idx-0101app.html.

International students must follow procedures outlined by the General Graduate Admission Policy for International Applicants.  These materials will be sent directly from the International Student Affairs office, and further correspondence with regard to application procedures should be directed to International Student Affairs, UMKC, 5235 Rockhill Rd, Kansas City, MO 64110, (816) 235-1113.

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Financial Assistance

Various loans, scholarships and other forms of financial aid may be available to graduate students.  Contact the Financial Aid and Scholarship Office to learn what financial aid programs might be available to you.  This office can also conduct a national scholarship search for you free of charge.  Such a search will identify scholarship sources outside the university.

A partial list of assistance programs available to Master's level graduate students is as follows:

• Federally Supported Sources of Financial Aid
• Chancellor's Non-Resident Award
• Hispanic Chamber of Commerce Scholarship
• Minority Master's Student Fellowship
• UMKC Women's Council Graduate Assistance Fellowship
• Graduate Student Travel Support

Descriptions of, and provisions for applying for these programs, can be secured from the Financial Aid and Scholarship Office, UMKC, 5100 Rockhill Rd., Kansas City, MO 64110, (816) 235-1154 or toll free (800) 775-UMKC.

Depending upon faculty grants and other funding sources, teaching and research assistantships may be available through the department.  Assistantships normally require 20 hours of work per week, and students are required to carry a minimum of 6 hours of course work each semester.  Assistantships are awarded for one year, but students may reapply for a second year appointment.  Those interested in applying for an assistantship should complete an application for "Graduate Research Assistant" and/or "Graduate Teaching Assistant" available in the “Forms” section of this website.

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Criminal Justice and Criminology Courses for Graduate Credit

300 Structural Theories of Crime (3 hours)
315 Crime, Criminals and Victims (3 hours)
317 Policies of Drug Use and Control (3 hours)
319 Theoretical Criminology (3 hours)
320 The Supreme Court and the Criminal Process (3 hours)
351 Policing in the Community (3 hours)
353 Controversial and Ethical Issues of Policing (3 hours)
355 Crime and Public Policy (3 hours)
360 Criminal Behavior Systems (3 hours)
371 Community Corrections (3 hours)
373 Institutional Corrections (3 hours)
390 New Dimensions in Criminal Justice (3 hours)
420 Control of Crime and Delinquency (3 hours)
421 Criminal Behavior in the United States (3 hours)
424 The Death Penalty in America (3 hours)
429 Restorative Justice (3 hours)
435 Gender and Law (3 hours)
450 Women, Crime and Criminal Justice (3 hours)
475 White Collar Crime (3 hours)
483 Methods of Sociological Research (3 hours)
486 Methods of Program Evaluation (3 hours)

*** 500 Sociology of Law (3 hours)
501 Proseminar to the Criminal Justice System (3 hours)
510 Sociological Methods I (3 hours)
511 Sociological Methods II (3 hours)
516 Intermediate Quantitative Methods (3 hours)
518 Advanced Criminological Theory (3 hours)
540 Criminal Justice Organization and Management (3 hours)
551 Seminar in Policing (3 hours)
570 Contemporary Corrections and Correctional Policy (3 hours)
571 Legal Aspects of Criminal Justice Professionals (3 hours)
575 Correctional Rehabilitation and Treatment (3 hours)
576 Seminar in Criminal Justice and Criminology Issues (3 hours)
580 Seminar: Policy and Decision Making in Criminal Justice (3 hours)
590 Directed Studies in Criminal Justice and Criminology (1-3 hours)
599 Research and Thesis (1-6 hours)
899 Required Graduate Enrollment (1 hour)

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Forms

The following is a list of forms that may be downloaded for printing by selecting and clicking on the appropriate form needed.

SOC/CJC Department Application for Graduate Research Assistant
SOC/CJC Department Application for Graduate Teaching Assistant
UMKC Recommendation for Appointment of Supervisory Committee
UMKC Master’s Degree Program of Study
UMKC Request for Program Change
CJC Graduation Checklist

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Comprehensive Exams (MS-CJC)

Those selecting the non-thesis option for the MS-CJC program will be given a closed book written test covering all material from their course of study. Students take the exam as they complete their coursework. Two dates of examination, one at the beginning of the semester and another at the end, will be designated for each fall and winter term. Students may schedule their comprehensive exams for either of the two dates. The test is given in a five-hour period and has three parts. Passing all three parts is required to obtain the degree. Should one or more portions of the exam be failed, students will have one opportunity to retake that portion of the exam the next time comprehensive exams are scheduled.

The topic areas for each part of the exam, as well as suggested materials to prepare for the exam, are as follows:

Part I: Theory, Systems and Policy [1.5 hours testing time]

Study the reading materials used in:
CJC 501: Proseminar to the CJ System
CJC 518: Advanced Criminological Theory
CJC 580: Policy and Decision Making in CJ

Part II: Research Methods and Statistics [2 hours testing time]

Students will be tested on material learned in CJC/SOC 516: Intermediate Quantitative Methods (Statistics) and one of the following research methods courses: either CJC/SOC 510: Research Methods I (Qualitative Methods) or CJC/SOC 511: Research Methods II (Quantitative Methods)

A) For Students Who Take CJC 511:

Study the reading materials used in:

 CJC/SOC 516: Intermediate Statistics
Norusis, Marija J. (2000).  Guide to Data Analysis.  Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Spatz, Chris (1999). Basic Statistics: Tales of Distributions. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

CJC/SOC 511: Sociological Methods II (Quantitative Methods)
(Handbooks from Delbert Miller and Stephen Isaac & William B. Michael)

And read ONE of the following:
Bachman, Ronet et al. (any edition). The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice. Pine Forge Press.

Fitzgerald and Cox (any edition). Research Methods in Criminal Justice: An Introduction. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Hagan, Frank E. (any edition). Research Methods in Criminal Justice & Criminology.  Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Maxfield, Michael and Earl Babbie (any edition). Research Methods for Criminal Justice & Criminology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Senese, Jeffrey D. (any edition). Applied Research Methods in Criminal Justice. Thomson Learning.

Recommended for Quantitative Methods but not Required:
Campbell, Donald T. and Julian C. Stanley (1963). Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs for Research. Boston, MA: Hougton Mifflin.

Leavitt, Fred (2001). Evaluating Scientific Research: Separating Fact From Fiction. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

B) For Students Who Take CJC 510:

Study the reading materials used in:

CJC/SOC 516: Intermediate Statistics
Norusis, Marija J. (2000).  Guide to Data Analysis.  Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Spatz, Chris (1999). Basic Statistics: Tales of Distributions. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

 CJC 510/SOC: Sociological Methods I (Qualitative Methods)
(Lofland, Lyn and John (1999 or later edition) Analyzing Social Settings.  Belmont, CA: Wadsworth).

And Read ONE of the following:   (*Highly Recommended)
*Alpert, Geoffrey P. and John M. MacDonald (any edition).  Understanding Social Science Research: Applications in Criminology and Criminal Justice.  Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.

*Brandl, Steven, et al. (any edition). Voices From the Field: Readings in Criminal Justice Research Methods.  Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Crabtree Benjamin and William Miller, (1999 or any edition) Doing Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Emerson, Robert. (2001 or later edition). Contemporary Field Research: A Collection of Readings. Waveland Press.

Johnson, John. (1978 or any edition) Doing Field Research. New York: Free Press.

Part III: Cognate Area of Study [1.5 hours testing time]

Students will be tested in the cognate area they have selected.  The possible choices, required courses and suggested materials to prepare for the cognate exam are detailed the Cognate Areas of Study (MS-CJC) section of the website.

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Cognate Areas of Study (MS-CJC)

 A cognate area is an area of specialized study within the MS-CJC degree.  Those selecting the non-thesis option must designate one cognate area.  Students must take a minimum of one class in that cognate area, and must read the essential readings from the reading list of their cognate area.  The five possible cognate areas, related course requirements, and list of reading materials for each cognate area are as follows:

Policing
Legal Aspects of the Criminal Justice Process
Corrections
Women & Crime
Juvenile Justice, Delinquency & Gangs

I. Policing
Students choosing this area must take at least one of the following courses for graduate credit:
CJC 351 (Policing in the Community)
CJC 353 (Legal Aspects of Policing)
CJC 540 (CJ Organization and Management)
CJC 551 (Seminar in Policing)

In addition, you must read all the essential readings below on your own or through a professor on your committee by taking CJC 590 (Directed Readings) for three hours of credit:

Essential Readings for Policing: 4 books and 4 articles
Bayley, David H.  1998. What Works in Policing. New York: Oxford University Press.

Eck, John E.  and William Spelman.  1987.  “Who Ya Gonna Call? The Police as Problem Busters.”  Crime and Delinquency 33: 31-52.

Goldstein, Herman. 1990. Problem-Oriented Policing. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Greene, Jack R.  2000.  “Community policing in America: Changing the Nature, Structure and Function of the Police.” pp. 299-370 in Criminal Justice 2000, Volume 3: Policies, Processes and Decisions in the Criminal Justice System.  National Institute of Justice: Washington, DC.

Kelling, George L. and Coles, Catherine M. 1996. Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities. Free Press:  New York.

Kelling, George L. and Mark H. Moore.  1988.  “The Evolving Strategy of Policing.”  Perspectives on Policing.  Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

Sherman, Lawrence W. 1992. Policing Domestic Violence. Free Press, New York.

Sherman, Lawrence W. and David Weisburd. 1995. “General Deterrent Effects of Police Patrol in Crime “Hot Spots”: A Randomized, Controlled Trial”, Justice Quarterly, 12: 625-48.

Recommended Readings for Policing:
Bayley, David H. 1994. Police for the Future.  New York: Oxford University Press.

Black, Donald 1980.  The Manners and Customs of the Police.  New York: Academic Press.

Cordner, Gary W. 1995. “Community Policing: Elements and Effects.”  Police Forum 5:1-8.

Dunham, Roger G. and Geoffrey P. Alpert.  1997.  Critical Issues in Policing, 3rd Ed.  Waveland: Prospect Hts., IL.

Geller, William A. and Hans Toch.  1995. And Justice for All: Understanding and Controlling Police Abuse of Force.  Police Executive Research Forum: Washington, DC.

Mastrofski, Stephen D., Robert E. Worden and Jeffery B. Snipes (1995) “Law Enforcement in a Time of Community Policing”.  Criminology, 33:539-563.

Ricksheim, E. and S. Chermak. 1994.  “Causes of Police Behavior Revisited.” Journal of Criminal Justice 21:353-82.

Rosenbaum, Dennis P. (1994),  The Challenge of Community Policing: Testing the Promises,  Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.

Trojanowicz, Robert and Bonnie Bucqueroux.  1990.  Community Policing: A Contemporary Perspective.  Cincinnati: Anderson Publishing Company.

II. Legal Aspects of the Criminal Justice Process
Students choosing this area must take at least one of the following courses for graduate credit:
CJC 320 (Supreme Court and the Criminal Process)
CJC 353 (Legal Aspects of Policing)
CJC 500 (Sociology of Law)
CJC 540 (CJ Organization and Management)
CJC 571 (Legal Aspects of CJ Professionals).

In addition, you must read the essential readings below on your own or through a professor on your committee by taking CJC 590 (Directed Readings) for three hours of credit:

Essential Readings in Legal Aspects of the Criminal Justice Process: 4 books & 2 articles

Albonetti, Celesta A. (1987). "Prosecutorial Discretion: The Effects of Uncertainty." Law and Society Review 21: 291-313.

Abraham, H. J. (1988). The Judiciary: The Supreme Court in the Governmental Process. Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Brown Publishers.

Brereton, David and Jonathan D. Casper. (1981). "Does it Pay to Plead Guilty? Differential Sentencing & the Functioning of Criminal Courts." Law and Society Review16:45-70.

delCarmen, R.V., (2001 or later edition). Criminal Procedure: Law and Practice. Stamford, CT: Wadsworth.

Dershowitz, Alan. (1980). The Best Defense. New York: Random House.

Plus Choose One of These Two Books for Legal Aspects of the Criminal Justice Process:
A)  Duffee, David  (1990).  Explaining Criminal Justice.  Prospect Hts., IL: Waveland Press.
B)  Gottfredson, Michael and Donald Gottfredson.  (1988 or later edition).  Decision-Making in Criminal Justice. Cambridge, MA: Gallinger.

Recommended Readings for Legal Aspects of the Criminal Justice Process:
Black, Donald. 1989. Sociological Justice. New York: Oxford University Press.

Blumberg, Abraham S. 1967. "The Practice of Law as a Confidence Game: Organizational Co-optation of a Profession." Law and Society Review 1:15-39.

Church, Thomas. 1985 "Examining Local Legal Culture."American Bar Foundation Research Journal:449-518.

Cripe, C. A. (1997). Legal Aspects of Correctional Management. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publication.

delCarmen, R.V., S.E. Ritter, and B.A. Witt (1998 or later edition). Briefs of Leading Cases in Corrections. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing.

delCarmen, R.V., M. Parker, and F.P. Reddington (1998 or later edition). Briefs of Leading Cases in Juvenile Justice. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.

delCarmen, R.V., and J.T. Walker (1997 or later edition). Briefs of Leading Cases in Law Enforcement. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.

Eisenstein, James and Herbert Jacob. 1977. Felony Justice: An Organizational Analysis of Criminal Courts. Boston: Little, Brown.

Gross, Samuel R. and Robert Mauro. 1989. Death and Discrimination: Racial Disparities in Capital Sentencing. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

Kappeler, V.E. (2001 or later edition). Critical Issues in Police Civil Liability. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.

Myers, Martha A. and Susette M. Talarico. 1987. The Social Contexts of Criminal Sentencing. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Peltason, J.W. (1988 or laterion). Understanding the Constitution. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc.

Wasby, S. L. (1989 or later ed). The Supreme Court in the Federal Judicial System. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.

III. Corrections
Students choosing this area must take at least one of the following courses for graduate credit:
CJC 371 (Community Corrections)
CJC 373 (Institutional Corrections)
CJC 570 (Contemporary Corrections and Correctional Policy)
CJC 571 (Legal Aspects of CJC Professionals)
CJC 575 (Correctional Treatment and Rehabilitation).

In addition, you must read the essential readings below on your own or through a professor on your committee by taking CJC 590 (Directed Readings) for three credit hours.

Essential Readings for Corrections: 4 books and 3 articles
Andrews, D.A., Zinger, I., Hoge, R.D., Bonta, J., Gendreau, P., Cullen, F.T. (1990). “Does correctional treatment work? A clinically relevant and psychologically informed meta-analysis.” Criminology 28(3): 369-404.

Currie, E. (1998). Crime and Punishment in America. New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc.

Lab, S.P., and Whitehead, J.T. (1988). “An analysis of juvenile correctional treatment.” Crime and Delinquency 34(1):60-83.

Petersilia, Joan (editor). 1998. Community Corrections: Probation, Parole and Intermediate Sanctions. New York: Oxford University Press.

Rothman, D. (1980). Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and its Alternatives in Progressive America. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown, and Company.

Spelman, William. 1994. Criminal Incapacitation. New York: Plenum.

Von Hirsch, A. (1990). “Politics of ‘just deserts’.” Canadian Journal of Criminology 32(3):397-413.

Recommended  Readings in  Corrections
Andrews, D.A., and Bonta, J. (2000). The Psychology of Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing.

Austin, James and John Irwin. 2001. It's About Time: America's Imprisonment Binge., 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Byrne, James M., Arthur J. Lurigio, and Joan Petersilia (editors). 1992. Smart Sentencing: The Emergence of Intermediate Sanctions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Clear, T.R. (1994). Harm in American Penology: Offenders, Victims, and Their Communities. Albany, New York: Albany State University of New York Press.

Cullen, Francis T. and Karen Gilbert. 1982. Reaffirming Rehabilitation. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.

Currie, E. (1985). Confronting Crime: An American Challenge. Westminster, MD: Random House Distribution Co.

Currie, E. (1989). “Confronting crime: Looking toward the 21st century.” Justice Quarterly 6(1): 5-25.

Ehrlich, I. (1981). “On the usefulness of controlling individuals: An economic analysis of rehabilitation incapacitation, and deterrence.” American Economic Review 71(3):307-322.

Feeley, Malcolm M. and Jonathan Simon. 1992. "The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategy of Corrections and its Implications." Criminology 30:449-474.

Flanagan, Timothy, ed. 1995.  Long-Term Imprisonment: Policy, Science and Correctional Practice.  Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Fogel, David. 1979. "… We Are the Living Proof .. ” The Justice Model for Corrections, 2nd ed. Cincinnati: Anderson.

Garland, David. 1990. Punishment and Modern Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Gendreau, P. and Ross, B. (1979). “Effective correctional treatment: Bibliotherapy for cynics.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 22(4):287-308.

Goodstein, Lynne and John R. Hepburn. 1985. Determinate Sentencing and Imprisonment: A Failure of Reform. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.

Haas, Kenneth C. and Geoffrey P. Alpert. 1999. The Dilemmas of Corrections. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.

Irwin, John. 1980. Prisons in Turmoil. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.

Irwin, John. 1985. The Jail: Managing the Underclass in American Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Logan, Charles H. 1990. Private Prisons: Cons and Pros. New York: Oxford University Press.

Martinson, Robert (1974). “What Works? – Questions and answers about prison reform.” The Public Interest. 35: 22-54.

Mathiesen, Thomas. 1990. Prison on Trial. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Palmer, Ted (1992). The Re-Emergence of Correctional Intervention. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Paternoster, Raymond. 1987. "The Deterrent Effect of the Perceived Certainty and Severity of Punishment: A Review of the Evidence and Issues." Justice Quarterly 4: 173-217.

Silberman, Matthew 1995. A World of Violence: Corrections in America. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Sykes, Gresham. M. 1958. The Society of Captives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Van den Haag, Ernest. 1975. Punishing Criminals: Concerning a Very Old and Painful Question. New York: Basic Books.

Van Voorhis, Patricia, Braswell, Michael, and Lester, David (2000). Correctional Counseling and Rehabilitation (4th edition). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing.

Von Hirsch, Andrew. 1985. Past or Future Crimes. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Zedlewski, E.W. (1989). “New mathematics if imprisonment: A reply to Zimring and Hawkins.” Crime and Delinquency 35(1):169-173.

Zimring, F.E. and Hawkins, G. (1988). “New mathematics of imprisonment.” Crime and Delinquency 34(4):425-436.

IV. Women and Crime
Students choosing this area must take at least one of the following courses for graduate credit:
CJC 435 (Gender and Law)
CJC 450 (Women and Crime)

In addition, you must read all the essential readings below on your own or through a professor on your graduate committee by taking CJC 590 (Directed Readings) for three credits.

Essential Readings in Women and Crime: 4 books and 3 articles
Acoca, Leslie 1998. “Defusing the Time Bomb: Understanding and Meeting the Growing      Health Care Needs of Incarcerated Women in America.” Crime & Delinquency 44(1):49-69.

Chesney-Lind, Meda and Randall G. Shelden. 1998. Girls, Delinquency and Juvenile Justice, 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Feinman, Claire 1984. "An Historical Overview of the Treatment of Incarcerated Women: Myths and Realities of Rehabilitation." The Prison Journal 63:12-26.

Pollock, Joycelyn M. 1999. Criminal Women. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.

Stanko, Elizabeth A. 1986. Intimate Intrusions: Women’s Experience of Male Violence. New York: Routledge, Kegan Paul.

Plus Choose One of These Two Articles in Women and Crime:

A) Daly, Kathleen and Meda Chesney-Lind 1988. "Feminism and Criminology." Justice Quarterly 5(4):497-535.
B) Simpson, Sally S. 1989. "Feminist Theory, Crime and Justice." Criminology 27:605-631.

And Choose One of These Two Books in Women and Crime:

A) Martin, Susan Ehrlich and Nancy C. Jurik 1996. Doing Justice, Doing Gender.  Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
B)  Miller, Susan L. (Ed.) 1998. Crime Control and  Women: Feminist Implications of Criminal Justice Policy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Recommended Readings for Women and Crime:
Adler, Freda. 1975. Sisters in Crime. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Baskin, Deborah R. and Ira B. Sommers. 1998. Casualties of Community Disorder: Women’s Careers in Violent Crime. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Epstein, Cynthia. 1981. Women in Law.   New York: Basic Books.

Freedman, Estelle B. 1974. "Their Sister's Keepers: A Historical Perspective of Female Correctional Institutions in the U. S.” Feminist Studies 2:77-95.

Garza, Hedda and James Cockcroft 1996. Barred from the Bar : A History of Women in the Legal Profession. Franklin Watts, Incorporated.

Gilfus, Mary E. 1992. "From Victims To Survivors to Offenders: Women's Routes of Entry and Immersion into Street Crime." Women & Criminal Justice 4:63-90.

Klein, Dorie 1973. "The Etiology of Female Crime: A Review of the Literature." Issues in Criminology 8:3-30.

Martin, Susan. 1980. Breaking and Entering: Policewomen on Patrol. Berkley: University of California Press.

McClellan, Dorothy S., David Farabee, and Ben M. Crouch 1997. “Early Victimization, Drug Use and Criminality: A Comparison of Male and Female Prisoners.”  Criminal Justice and Behavior 24(4):455-76.

Miller, Susan L. 1999. Gender and Community Policing : Walking the Talk. Northeastern Univ Press.

Naffine, Ngaire 1987. Female Crime: The Construction of Women in Criminology.  Sydney, Australia:  Allen & Unwin.

Pollock-Byrne, Joycelyn M. 1990. Women, Prison and Crime. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Price, Barbara Raffel and Natalie J. Sokoloff (Eds.) 1995. The Criminal Justice System and Women: Offenders, Victims and Workers, 2nd ed.  New York: McGraw-Hill.

Rafter, Nicole H. 1990. Partial Justice: Women, Prison, and Social Control, 2nd edition. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

Smart, Carol 1976. Women, Crime and Criminology: A Feminist Critique.  London:  Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Walker, Lenore. 1979. The Battered Woman. New York: Harper & Row.

Zietz, Dorothy. 1990. Women who Embezzle or Defraud: A Study of Convicted Felons.  New York: Praeger.

V. Juvenile Justice, Delinquency, and Gangs
There are no courses currently offered in this cognate area for graduate credit.  Because there are no classes, the student must read all essential readings on independent study.

Students choosing this area must read all of the essential readings through enrolling in CJC 590: Directed Readings (for up to 6 credit hours) with a professor on your graduate committee.

Essential Readings in Juvenile Justice, Delinquency and Gangs: 7 books and 1 article
Chesney-Lind, Meda and John M. Hagedorn (Eds.) 1999. Female Gangs in America: Essays on Girls, Gangs, and Gender.  Chicago : Lake View Press

Chesney-Lind, Meda and Randall G. Shelden (1992 or later edition). Girls, Delinquency, and Juvenile Justice. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Izzo, R.L. & Ross, R.R. 1990. “Meta-Analysis of Rehabilitation Programs for Juvenile Delinquents.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 17(1):134-142.

Krisberg, Barry and James F. Austin 1993. Reinventing Juvenile Justice. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Miller, Jody, Cheryl Maxson and Malcolm Klein 2000. The Modern Gang Reader. Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Company.

Roberts, Albert 1998. Juvenile Justice: Policies, Programs, and Services, 2nd Ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Wooden, Wayne S. and Randy Blazak 2001. Renegade Kids, Suburban Outlaws. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Zimring, Franklin 1998. American Youth Violence. New York: Oxford University Press.

Recommended Readings in Juvenile Justice and Delinquency:
Bishop, Donna and Charles Frazer 1992. "Gender Bias in Juvenile Justice Processing: Implications of the JJDP Act." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 82:1162-1186.

Cloward, R.A. & Ohlin, L.E. 1960. Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs. New York: Free Press.

Finckenauer, James O. 1982. Scared Straight! and the Panacea Phenomenon. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Garrett, C.J. 1985. “Effects of Residential Treatment on Adjudicated Delinquents: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 22(4):287-308.

Lemert, E.M. 1981. “Diversion in Juvenile Justice: What Hath Been Wrought.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 18(1):34-46.

Mennel, R.M. 1973. Thorns and Thistles: Juvenile Delinquency in the United States, 1825-1940. New Hampshire: University Press of New England.

Platt, Anthony M. 1977. The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency, 2nd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Salerno, A.W. 1991. “The Child Saver Movement: Altruism or a Conspiracy?” Juvenile and Family Court Journal 1991:37-49.

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